Educational thinking of Confucius (2)

Confucius, the age of 62, once described himself: "The man also excited, forget the food, music to young at heart, old age is coming cloud Seoul." Has led the disciples of Confucius was traveling nine years, going through hardships, not only has not been princes of the appointment, but also nearly killed, but Confucius did not quit, is still optimistic, stick to their ideals, even knowing its impossible.
Anpinledao
In the eyes of Confucius, righteousness is the highest value in life, in wealth and moral conflict, he would rather be poor and will not give up the moral. But he's not as Anpinledao not seek wealth, but only to maintain the road, this is not in line with historical facts. Confucius once said: "The rich and expensive, one of the objectives; not their road, do not get the office also. Poor and cheap, but also of the evil man; not their road, get the do not have." " Rich and rectifiable also, though Zhibian the people with whom Wu Yi, such as can not find, from Wusuo good. "

Confucius is known to studious, for all kinds of knowledge have shown interest, so he accomplished, knowledgeable, at the time was out of the name, almost as all-knowing sage, Confucius, but they do not think so, Confucius said: "If the Holy and Jen, then I dare? suppression whom tire, indefatigable." Confucius impermanence teacher, who has knowledge of where he who does not know something, he would worship Who division, so that "three-line, must be my teacher, choosing the good from it, instead of its poor. "

Kong Zaisheng of integrity, but also advocates direct opposite direction, he said: "I in the people who ruined reputation who? If the reputation, their trial has been carry. Simin also, straight opposite direction is also the reason why three generations. "" Historical Records "contains thirties asked Confucius ceremony in I, parting words of advice when I said:" intelligent observation and deep near-dead, who were also good meeting. Bo argue the majority of those who risk their bodies, made the evil person those who are. man child who not to have been, for the ministers who not to have been. "This is Lao Tzu Confucius good reminder, but also pointed out that Confucius some of the problems is to see the problem is too deep, his speech was too sharp, hurt some standing who will bring their own considerable risk. With the idea of ​​Confucius and kindness to the creation of the moral doctrine of benevolence at the core, he is also a very kind person, compassionate, helpful, others sincere, generous. "Do unto others, do not impose on others," "gentleman oblige, not adults, evil, anti-villain is." Gongzi thick, thin responsible person ", etc., are his life criteria.

The core of Confucian ideology, "Li" and "benevolence" in the country's strategy, he advocates "for the government in Germany," with moral and ethical code to govern the country is the noblest of statecraft. Body portrait of Confucius
This government strategy is also called the "virtue" or "courtesy rule." This strategy to Germany, courtesy of the people applied, in fact, breaking the traditional ceremony, no less than common creed, breaking the nobility and common people is an important boundary between the original. Confucian jen said, reflecting humanity, Confucius ceremony that will reflect the spirit of ritual, that the modern sense of order and system. Humanitarian This is the eternal theme of humanity, for any society, any age, any government is applicable, and the social order and the system is to establish the basic requirements of human civilization. Confucius and order that the humanitarian spirit of ancient China, the essence of social and political thought.

Confucius is the most important economic thought Valuing Loyalty, "see Leith justice," the justice and interests and "enriching" ideas. This is the main content of Confucian economic thought. Have a greater impact on future generations. Confucius, the so-called "justice" is a kind of social ethics, "benefit" refers to people's pursuit of material interests. In the "righteousness", "profit" on the relationship between the two, Confucius, "meaning" top priority. He said: "see Leith justice." ① asking people in front of material interests, should first consider how to meet the "righteousness." He believes that "justice and take" that only meet the "righteousness", and then to obtain. Confucius even in the "Analects Zi Han" advocated "Han Yan-li", that is, to the less "profit", but not do not "profit." "Zuo into the public two years' records, does not meet the moral dry matter and get rich, just like clouds, like, ② bothered to use unjust means to obtain wealth. Confucius also believed that treatment of "justice" and "profit" attitude, can distinguish between "gentleman" and "villain." Moral of the "gentleman", easy to understand the "meaning" of the importance of the lack of morality of the "villain", only know that "profit" not know "justice." This is Confucius' Analects Liren, "said the" gentleman Yu Yu Yi, small man profits. " Confucius in film and television works
Some people think that since the re-Confucius "justice" that is bound to despise manual labor. This view is wrong. "The Analects of Confucius" in the record he wanted to learn very unhappy farmers disciple Fan Chi, calling him a "villain." This is because Confucius believed that people should have greater vision and pursuit, is to assume greater responsibility. He wants his students to become the bearer of value, not a farmer.
 As Confucius conservative political attitudes, so deal with economic system reform also reflects conservative thinking. Such as Lu Xuangong fifteen years (BC 594 years) to implement "first duty acres" from the legal recognition of the legal status of private fields, is a major economic reforms Spring and Autumn Period; But according to "Zuo Zhuan" said Confucius repair "Spring and Autumn "the record" first duty acres ", aims to criticize its" reciprocate. " And people do not affluent, not wealthy monarch. In the "Analects Yao said," also records, Confucius advocated "for the people of the benefits and profits", that people only do things that benefit. On the other hand, he claims to be lighter taxes, lord of the assessed not to delay the farming season. "The Analects of Confucius described the" records, Confucius was also the preaching of those who govern, who asked not to be too extravagant for the government to pay attention to frugality. He said: "The extravagance is rude, thrifty is solid. Its also rude, rather solid." Also stands for "prudence and love." It contains a Confucius "benevolence" of the idea used in the economic field.
Educational thinking
Confucius in Chinese history who first raised the quality similar to the talent, personality differences are mainly due to acquired education and social environment ("nature is also similar, with much learning is also"). So that everyone may be affected by education, everyone should be educated. He advocated "education for all", founder of private schools, students in broad strokes, a slave-owning aristocracy to break the monopoly of school education, to extend education to the civilian population, conform to the prevailing social trends. He advocated "excellent learning, Shi," learned have the energy, go to an official. His education is to train the gentleman in politics, but a gentleman must have a high moral character cultivation, so Confucius emphasized moral education in schools must be the highest priority ("disciples into the filial piety, out of the Ti, would like the letter, Pan-loving public, and benevolent. had any energy left, the text places learning "). Confucian moral education is about "ritual" and "benevolence." The "gift" for the code of ethics, "benevolence" as the highest ethical standards. "Ceremony" is "benevolence" in the form of "benevolence" is "gift" of content, with the "benevolence" of the spirit, "li" really substantial.

    In ethics, he proposed to establish ambition, self-denial, Fulfillment Miyuki, introspection, courage to turn over other methods. "Learning knowledge" is the guiding philosophy of Confucius teaching ideas. In advocating help in the field, with an open mind eager to learn at the same time, he stressed that the combination of learning and thinking ("Learning without thought is labor lost, thought without learning is perilous"), but must also "Learning" and will apply the knowledge learned social practice. He first proposed heuristic teaching. He said: "No, anger does not start, but can not speak does not send." Means that the student teachers should seriously consider, and has reached a certain degree, just right for inspiration and guidance, he is first used in teaching practice individualized methods of education home. Through conversations and individual observations and other methods, to understand and become familiar with his personality characteristics of students, on this basis, according to the specific circumstances of each student to take a different approach to education, training out of virtue, speech, conduct of public affairs, literature and other aspects of personnel . Confucius love of education, life in educational activities. His insatiable, indefatigable. Not only lecturing, teaching by example is more important to their exemplary conduct probation students. He care to students, students respect him, teacher-student relationship is harmonious. He is a brilliant teacher of ancient Chinese classic. Confucius's educational activities not only trained many students, and he in practice based on the theory of education, education in ancient China has laid a theoretical foundation.
Aesthetics
Core of aesthetic ideas of Confucius, "beauty" and "good" uniform, but also the unity of form and content. Confucius advocated "Poetry", that the literary and political ethics, integrate literature and art as a means of social and political change, an important way to cultivate sentiments. And Confucius believed that a perfect man, should be poetry, ritual, music by nature self-cultivation. Confucius, the aesthetic ideas of the later literary theory effects.